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The is known to have begun by the end of the last glacial period (in the paleolithic), roughly 10,000 years ago. Prehistoric Scotland entered the Neolithic Era about 4000 , the Bronze Age about 2000 , and the Iron Age around 700 . Scotland's recorded history began with the arrival of the Roman Empire in the 1st century, when the province of Britannia reached as far north as the line between the firths of Clyde to the Forth. North of this was Caledonia, whose people were known in Latin as "Picti", "the painted ones". Constant risings forced Rome's legions back: Hadrian's Wall attempted to seal off the Roman south and the Antonine Wall attempted to move the Roman border north. The latter was swiftly abandoned and the former overrun, most spectacularly during the Great Conspiracy of the 360s. As Rome finally withdrew from Britain, Gaelic raiders called the ''Scoti'' began colonizing Western Scotland and Wales. According to 9th- and 10th-century sources, the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata was founded on the west coast of Scotland in the 6th century. In the following century, the Irish missionary Columba founded a monastery on Iona and introduced the previously pagan Scoti and pagan Picts to Celtic Christianity. Following England's Gregorian mission, the Pictish king Nechtan chose to abolish most Celtic practices in favor of the Roman rite, restricting Gaelic influence on his kingdom and avoiding war with Saxon Northumbria.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Scots and Picts )〕 Towards the end of the 8th century, the Viking invasions began. Successive defeats by the Norse forced the Picts and Gaels to cease their historic hostility to each other and to unite in the 9th century, forming the Kingdom of Scotland. The Kingdom of Scotland was united under the descendants of Kenneth MacAlpin, first king of a united Scotland. His descendants, known to modern historians as the House of Alpin, fought among each other during frequent disputed successions. The last Alpin king, Malcolm II, died without issue in the early 11th century and the kingdom passed through his daughter's son, Duncan I, who started a new line of kings known to modern historians as the House of Dunkeld or Canmore. The last Dunkeld king, Alexander III, died in 1286 leaving only a single infant granddaughter as heir; four years later, Margaret, Maid of Norway herself died in a tragic shipwreck ''en route'' to Scotland. England, under Edward I, would take advantage of the questioned succession in Scotland to launch a series of conquests into Scotland. The resulting Wars of Scottish Independence were fought in the late 13th and early 14th centuries as Scotland passed back and forth between the House of Balliol and the House of Bruce. Scotland's ultimate victory in the Wars of Independence under David II confirmed Scotland as a fully independent and sovereign kingdom. When David II died without issue, his nephew Robert II established the House of Stewart (the spelling would be changed to Stuart in the 16th century), which would rule Scotland uncontested for the next three centuries. James VI, Stuart king of Scotland, also inherited the throne of England in 1603, and the Stuart kings and queens ruled both independent kingdoms until the Act of Union in 1707 merged the two kingdoms into a new state, the Kingdom of Great Britain.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Uniting the kingdom? )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 The Union of the Parliaments 1707 )〕〔Union with England Act 1707, Article II.〕 Queen Anne was the last Stuart monarch, ruling until 1714. Since 1714, the succession of the British monarchs of the houses of Hanover and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Windsor) has been due to their descent from James VI and I of the House of Stuart. During the Scottish Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution, Scotland became one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Its industrial decline following the Second World War was particularly acute, but in recent decades the country has enjoyed something of a cultural and economic renaissance, fuelled in part by a resurgent financial services sector, the proceeds of North Sea oil and gas. ==Prehistory== (詳細はrecorded history. At times during the last interglacial period (130,000–70,000 ) Europe had a climate warmer than today's, and early humans may have made their way to Scotland, with the discovery of ten pre-ice age axes on Orkney and mainland Scotland.〔http://scotland.stv.tv/history/archaeology/255532-rare-pre-ice-age-handaxe-discovered-on-orkney/ 〕 Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and only after the ice retreated did Scotland again become habitable, around 9600 .〔F. Pryor, ''Britain B.C.: Life in Britain and Ireland before the Romans'' (Harper Collins, 2003), p. 99.〕 Mesolithic hunter-gatherer encampments formed the first known settlements, and archaeologists have dated an encampment near Biggar to around 8500 . Numerous other sites found around Scotland build up a picture of highly mobile boat-using people making tools from bone, stone and antlers.〔P. J. Ashmore, ''Neolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: an Authoritative and Lively Account of an Enigmatic Period of Scottish Prehistory'' (Batsford, 2003).〕 The oldest house for which there is evidence in Britain is the oval structure of wooden posts found at South Queensferry near the Firth of Forth, dating from the Mesolithic period, about 8240 .〔R. Gray, ("Bridge works uncover nation's oldest house" ), ''Herald Scotland'', 18 November 2012, retrieved 7 December 2012.〕 The earliest stone structures are probably the three hearths found at Jura, dated to about 6000 .〔A. Moffat, ''Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History'' (Thames & Hudson, 2005), pp. 90–1.〕 Neolithic farming brought permanent settlements. Evidence of these includes the well-preserved stone house at Knap of Howar on Papa Westray, dating from around 3500 〔I. Maxwell, "A History of Scotland’s Masonry Construction" in P. Wilson, ed., ''Building with Scottish Stone'' (Arcamedia, 2005), p. 19.〕 and the village of similar houses at Skara Brae on West Mainland, Orkney from about 500 years later.〔Pryor, ''Britain BC'', pp. 98–104 and 246–50.〕 The settlers introduced chambered cairn tombs from around 3500 , as at Maeshowe,〔F. Somerset Fry and P. Somerset Fry, ''The History of Scotland'' (Routledge, 1992), p. 7.〕 and from about 3000 the many standing stones and circles such as those at Stenness on the mainland of Orkney, which date from about 3100 , of four stones, the tallest of which is in height.〔C. Wickham-Jones, ''Orkney: A Historical Guide'' (Birlinn, 2007), p. 28.〕 These were part of a pattern that developed in many regions across Europe at about the same time.〔F. Lynch, ''Megalithic Tombs and Long Barrows in Britain'' (Osprey, 1997), p. 9.〕 The creation of cairns and Megalithic monuments continued into the Bronze Age, which began in Scotland about 2000 .〔C. Scarre, ''Monuments and Landscape in Atlantic Europe: Perception and Society During the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age'' (Routledge, 2002), p. 125.〕 As elsewhere in Europe, hill forts were first introduced in this period, including the occupation of Eildon Hill near Melrose in the Scottish Borders, from around 1000 , which accommodated several hundred houses on a fortified hilltop.〔Moffat, ''Before Scotland'', p. 182.〕 From the Early and Middle Bronze Age there is evidence of cellular round houses of stone, as at Jarlshof and Sumburgh on Shetland.〔B. Cunliffe, ''Iron Age Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC Until the Roman Conquest'' (Routledge, 2004), p. 60.〕 There is also evidence of the occupation of crannogs, roundhouses partially or entirely built on artificial islands, usually in lakes, rivers and estuarine waters.〔N. Dixon ''The Crannogs of Scotland: An Underwater Archaeology'' (Tempus, 2004).〕 In the early Iron Age, from the seventh century , cellular houses began to be replaced on the northern isles by simple Atlantic roundhouses, substantial circular buildings with a dry stone construction. From about 400 , more complex Atlantic roundhouses began to be built, as at Howe, Orkney and Crosskirk, Caithness.〔Cunliffe, ''Iron Age Communities in Britain'', p. 325.〕 The most massive constructions that date from this era are the circular broch towers, probably dating from about 200 .〔 This period also saw the first wheelhouses, a roundhouse with a characteristic outer wall, within which was a circle of stone piers (bearing a resemblance to the spokes of a wheel), but these would flourish most in the era of Roman occupation.〔V. Turner, ''Ancient Shetland'' (B. T. Batsford/Historic Scotland, 1999), p. 81.〕 There is evidence for about 1,000 Iron Age hill forts in Scotland, most located below the Clyde-Forth line,〔J-D. G. G. Lepage, ''British Fortifications Through the Reign of Richard III: An Illustrated History'' (McFarland, 2012), pp. 25 and 31.〕 which have suggested to some archaeologists the emergence of a society of petty rulers and warrior elites recognisable from Roman accounts.〔J. D. Hill, "How did British middle and late pre-Roman societies work (if they did)?", in T. Moore, X.-L. Armada, eds, ''Atlantic Europe in the First Millennium BC: Crossing the Divide'' (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 244.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Scotland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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